The spring-to-summer plant phenology proceeds from the foot to the top of mountains. (D) Vertical seed dispersal toward the mountain tops by mammals that are following the spring-to-summer plant phenology. Positive and negative values indicate seed dispersal toward the mountain tops and foots, respectively. (B) Vertical seed dispersal distance achieved by Asiatic black bears and (C) Japanese martens (four years data were pooled). The oxygen isotope ratios of the seeds did not show large variation among fruiting trees at the same altitude, and among seeds from the same fruiting tree. The regression line showed an annual variation (see also Supplemental Experimental Procedures). Different symbols in the same year and altitude indicate different fruiting trees. The lines show the least-squares fit (2012, solid line 2013, dashed line).
(A) Negative correlation between altitude and the oxygen isotope ratios of Prunus verecunda reference seeds in 20.
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